IT Workshop GXESL208 KTU BTech 2024 Scheme - Dr Binu V P

About Me - Dr Binu V P Syllabus Scheme and assessments Learn Theory Well Before Doing Lab- Foundations Of Computing: From Hardware Essentials To Web Design GXEST203 Reference Invitation to Computer Science   G. Michael Schneider, Judith Gersting Introduction to Computers : Peter Norton Linux For Developers   William Rothwell Teach Yourself HTML, CSS and JavaScript   Julie C. Meloni Jennifer Kyrnin Learning Materials 1.Hardware and software      Basic Computer Architecture      Memory Hierarchy      Registers      Cache Memory      RAM      Virtual Memory      Motherboard      Input Output Devices      Storage Devices-HDDs, SSDs, Optical Storage Devices      Interface Cards      Buses      Port and Connectors      Firmware      Boot Process     M...

                                              

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 cpuinfo  The cpuinfo command in Linux is not a standalone command but refers to a way of accessing detailed information about your system's CPU (Central Processing Unit) . This information is crucial for understanding your processor's capabilities, such as its make, model, speed, and features. How to Access CPU Information? To view detailed information about the CPU, you typically read the contents of a special file called /proc/cpuinfo . The /proc directory is a virtual filesystem in Linux that provides system and process information. You can access this file using commands like cat , less , or grep . Basic Command to Display CPU Info      cat /proc/cpuinfo What Does /proc/cpuinfo Contain? When you run the above command, it displays detailed information about each processor core on your system. Let’s break down the key sections of the output. Example Output Here’s an example of what you might see: processor       : 0 vendor_id  ...

time command  The time command in Linux is a simple yet powerful tool used to measure how long a program or command takes to execute. It provides details about the real time , user CPU time , and system CPU time used by the process. What is the time Command? Purpose : To measure the execution time of commands or programs. Output : Gives you three important metrics: Real Time : Total elapsed time from start to finish (wall-clock time). User Time : Time spent executing the program in user mode (on the CPU). System Time : Time spent on system-level tasks (like input/output operations). Think of it as a stopwatch for your commands! Syntax      time [options] command Replace command with the command or program you want to measure. No special permissions are required to use time . Key Metrics Explained Here’s what the three metrics mean in detail: Metric Description Real Time Total time it took for the command to complete, including waiting for resources (disk, network...

  Computer Ports What is a Port in a Computer? A port is a connection point on a computer where you can plug in devices like a keyboard, mouse, printer, or external storage. Ports allow data transfer and power supply between the computer and external devices. Types of Ports and Their Uses 1. USB Ports (Universal Serial Bus) Most common port in computers and laptops. Used to connect keyboards, mice, flash drives, external hard drives, printers, and other devices. Types of USB ports: USB-A: The standard rectangular USB port. USB-B: Square-shaped, commonly used for printers. USB-C: A smaller, reversible connector used in modern laptops and smartphones. Micro-USB & Mini-USB: Found in older mobile devices and cameras. 2. HDMI Port (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Used to connect the computer to a monitor, TV, or projector for high-quality video and audio. Supports high-definition (HD) and 4K video output. 3. Ethernet Port (RJ-45) Looks like a larger telephone jack. Used ...

 history command The history  command is a powerful tool in Linux that helps you view the list of commands you've previously entered in the terminal. It is especially useful when you need to repeat or reference past commands without typing them again. What is the history Command? Purpose : Keeps track of the commands you've executed in the shell session. Benefit : Saves time and reduces errors by allowing you to reuse or modify previous commands. Default Behavior : Displays a numbered list of the last 500 commands you’ve executed. Syntax history [options] [number] history : Shows the complete list of previously entered commands. [number] : Limits the output to the last N commands. Viewing Your Command History 1. Display All Commands To see all the commands saved in your current session:      history 2. Display a Specific Number of Commands To display only the last N commands:      history 10 Re-Executing Commands 1. Using Command Numbers Each c...

Understanding how a computer boots up is fundamental, as it’s the sequence that happens each time you power on your computer, allowing it to go from "off" to a fully operational state. Let's go through the boot process in both Windows and Linux operating systems, with some common steps across both. 1. Power-On and BIOS/UEFI Stage When you press the power button, the system's BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) takes control. This low-level firmware is stored on the motherboard. BIOS/UEFI's role : It checks all the hardware components, like the CPU, memory, and disk drives, ensuring they’re functioning. This process is called POST (Power-On Self-Test). After passing the POST, BIOS/UEFI looks for a bootable device (usually your hard drive or SSD), and loads a small program called the bootloader from it. 2. The Bootloader The bootloader is a tiny program that directs the system to load the operating system (OS). In...

Understand the Basics A LAN connects devices in a small area for resource sharing and communication. On a Linux system, you configure the LAN by setting up: Network Interfaces: Ethernet (wired) or Wi-Fi (wireless). IP Addressing: Dynamic (via DHCP) or Static (manual assignment). Sharing Resources: Using protocols like Samba or NFS for file sharing and CUPS for printers. Goal: Enable a network interface Get an IP address (Dynamic or Static) Configure DNS Test the network Step 1: Check Network Interfaces To list all available network interfaces:      ip a     or     ifconfig Look for interfaces like eth0 , enp3s0 (Ethernet), or wlan0 (Wi-Fi). lo is the loopback interface (internal to the machine). Step 2: Enable the Network Interface If the interface is down, bring it up:           sudo ip link set eth0 up                    or         ...

  Shell Variables in Linux Shell variables are placeholders for data, used to store and manage values dynamically during the execution of a shell session or script. Variables allow you to make your scripts more flexible and powerful. Rules for Defining Shell Variables Variable Names: Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores ( _ ). Must start with a letter or an underscore. Cannot start with a number. Variable names are case-sensitive ( VAR is different from var ). No Spaces Around = : Do not add spaces before or after the = symbol. Correct: name="Alice" Incorrect: name = "Alice" Special Characters: Avoid special characters in variable names. Use only letters, numbers, and underscores. Quotes: Enclose values in double quotes ( " ) or single quotes ( ' ) if they contain spaces or special characters. Double quotes allow variable interpolation, while single quotes treat the content literally. "Hello $name" : Expands $name . 'Hello $name...